An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can use to perform its basic operations. Some people call these instructions assembler language and others use the term assembly language.

Semantic analysis is the process of relating syntactic structures, from the levels of phrases, clauses, sentences and paragraphs to the level of the writing as a whole, to their language-independent meanings.

A macro pre-processor statement is used to perform auxiliary functions during macro expansion.

A shell script is a computer program designed to be run by the Unix shell, a command line interpreter. The various dialects of shell scripts are considered to be scripting languages. Typical operations performed by shell scripts include file manipulation, program execution, and printing text.

In computing, turnaround time is the total time taken between the submission of a program/process/thread/task (Linux) for execution and the return of the complete output to the customer/user. It may vary for various programming languages depending on the developer of the software or the program.

Medium term scheduling is part of the swapping. It removes the processes from the memory. It reduces the degree of multiprogramming. The medium term scheduler is in-charge of handling the swapped out-processes. Running process may become suspended if it makes an I/O request.

Shortest job next (SJN), also known as Shortest Job First (SJF) or Shortest Process Next (SPN), is a scheduling policy that selects the waiting process with the smallest execution time to execute next. SJN is a non-preemptive algorithm. Shortest remaining time is a preemptive variant of SJN.

Sites monitor the incoming and outgoing traffic to see which parts or pages of their site are popular and if there are any apparent trends, such as one specific page being viewed mostly by people in a particular country.

In computing, preemption is the act of temporarily interrupting a task being carried out by a computer system, without requiring its cooperation, and with the intention of resuming the task at a later time. Such a change is known as a context switch.

Processing is the stage where the input data is manipulated in order to produce meaningful information. Processing can include a number of stages such as sorting, searching, calculations, graphing. The results obtained from processing the data can then be used in the next stage, called "output"